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.NET Forum / .NET Framework / New Users / December 2007

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BeginInvoke without EndInvoke allowed?

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Norman Diamond - 25 Dec 2007 08:09 GMT
BeginInvoke returns an IAsyncResult, but in cases where the caller doesn't
care and couldn't do anything even if it did care, I don't assign the
returned value and assumed it would be garbage-collected.

Some bloggers say that this pattern leaks resources.

MSDN doesn't seem to see a problem with this pattern, so I wonder.

How to: Use a Background Thread to Search for Files
http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/3s8xdz5c(VS.80).aspx
Example code has several calls to BeginInvoke and no calls to EndInvoke.
(Unlike my code this example uses the returned IAsyncResult, but this
example still doesn't call EndInvoke.)

Control.BeginInvoke Method (Delegate, Object[])
http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a06c0dc2(VS.80).aspx
Example code discards the returned IAsyncResult just like mine, and doesn't
call EndInvoke.

Of course in many situations it's not advisable to omit things like error
checking, but there's no point in my situation.  The caller is a thread that
can't reasonably display UI.  The target is a UI thread and it immediately
informs the user if it detects a problem.

So my concern is just whether this pattern is reliable or not.  Will it leak
resources as some bloggers say?  Or is it OK as MSDN seems to suggest?
Jon Skeet [C# MVP] - 25 Dec 2007 20:30 GMT
> BeginInvoke returns an IAsyncResult, but in cases where the caller doesn't
> care and couldn't do anything even if it did care, I don't assign the
> returned value and assumed it would be garbage-collected.
>
> Some bloggers say that this pattern leaks resources.

In principle, it might at least *temporarily* leak resources. It
depends on the implementation. However, the Windows Forms team has
guaranteed that Control.BeginInvoke doesn't need a matching EndInvoke
call.

If you want "fire and forget" semantics you can use the class
implemented here:

http://www.yoda.arachsys.com/csharp/threads/threadpool.shtml

Signature

Jon Skeet - <skeet@pobox.com>
http://www.pobox.com/~skeet   Blog: http://www.msmvps.com/jon.skeet
World class .NET training in the UK: http://iterativetraining.co.uk

Norman Diamond - 26 Dec 2007 00:19 GMT
>> BeginInvoke returns an IAsyncResult, but in cases where the caller
>> doesn't care and couldn't do anything even if it did care, I don't assign
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
> on the implementation. However, the Windows Forms team has guaranteed that
> Control.BeginInvoke doesn't need a matching EndInvoke call.

Thank you for responding, but I'm having trouble figuring out the answer(s).

In principle there might be resource leaks which might be at least
temporary, which means there's a chance the leaks might grow until the
process exits?  So some bloggers are correct and MSDN (at least the two
pages which I cited last time) is wrong?

However, Control.BeginInvoke doesn't need a matching EndInvoke call for
which reason:  because there is no leak, or because the leak is temporary
until garbage collection, or the leaks accumulate until the process exits
but luckily no one (including me so far) has been damaged by the leaks
accumulating too enormously?

> If you want "fire and forget" semantics you can use the class implemented
> here:
> http://www.yoda.arachsys.com/csharp/threads/threadpool.shtml

Thank you.  But I still don't understand:  do I *need* the class that is
implemented there?

Again, in my situation I'm calling BeginInvoke on a private method in a
form, so the callee is running in the UI thread and if any errors occur
that's the time they're displayed.  The caller is in a background thread
which is about to exit, it cannot do anything with a return value or any
other information, so "fire and forget" is suitable.
Barry Kelly - 26 Dec 2007 11:07 GMT
> "Jon Skeet [C# MVP]" <skeet@pobox.com> wrote in message

> > In principle, it might at least *temporarily* leak resources. It depends
> > on the implementation. However, the Windows Forms team has guaranteed that
[quoted text clipped - 12 lines]
> but luckily no one (including me so far) has been damaged by the leaks
> accumulating too enormously?

Depending on the implementation of the IAsyncResult, a half-called async
method could leak synchronization primitives. They should be cleaned up
by the finalizer eventually, assuming that the finalizer thread isn't
blocked for some reason (some buggy finalizer somewhere). However,
synchronization primitives (usually) are OS resources and there are
performance concerns with keeping too many of them around. If you have a
server app which leaks them with abandon, far more of them will be alive
at any one time that necessary.

-- Barry

Signature

http://barrkel.blogspot.com/

Jon Skeet [C# MVP] - 26 Dec 2007 11:54 GMT
> > In principle, it might at least *temporarily* leak resources. It depends
> > on the implementation. However, the Windows Forms team has guaranteed that
[quoted text clipped - 6 lines]
> process exits?  So some bloggers are correct and MSDN (at least the two
> pages which I cited last time) is wrong?

It's likely that finalizers will free up the resources, so they don't
leak as such (assuming things have been robustly implemented, of
course) - but the resources they temporarily hold might be required
*before* the finalizer is executed.

> However, Control.BeginInvoke doesn't need a matching EndInvoke call for
> which reason:  because there is no leak, or because the leak is temporary
> until garbage collection, or the leaks accumulate until the process exits
> but luckily no one (including me so far) has been damaged by the leaks
> accumulating too enormously?

BeginInvoke is implemented in Windows Forms has been implemented in
such a way that there's no leak, in my understanding.

> > If you want "fire and forget" semantics you can use the class implemented
> > here:
> > http://www.yoda.arachsys.com/csharp/threads/threadpool.shtml
>
> Thank you.  But I still don't understand:  do I *need* the class that is
> implemented there?

That depends on whether you're using Control.BeginInvoke or a delegate
BeginInvoke.

> Again, in my situation I'm calling BeginInvoke on a private method in a
> form, so the callee is running in the UI thread and if any errors occur
> that's the time they're displayed.  The caller is in a background thread
> which is about to exit, it cannot do anything with a return value or any
> other information, so "fire and forget" is suitable.

If you're using Control.BeginInvoke, you don't need to worry.

Signature

Jon Skeet - <skeet@pobox.com>
http://www.pobox.com/~skeet   Blog: http://www.msmvps.com/jon.skeet
World class .NET training in the UK: http://iterativetraining.co.uk

Norman Diamond - 27 Dec 2007 00:21 GMT
OK, I think this makes things clearer.

Calling BeginInvoke on an "ordinary" delegate, without calling EndInvoke,
can cause resource usages to hang around longer than necessary (until the
next garbage collection), which can cause temporary starvation in a server
or other victim when a heavy user of resources is present.  However, there's
no permanent leak.

Calling BeginInvoke on Control, without calling EndInvoke, doesn't even have
that problem.

There are 8,192 executions of BeginInvoke in the situation I'm presently
concerned with, so I think that temporary starvation isn't happening, and
nothing worse can happen.

I still have some curiosity remaining from a former not-having-a-life as a
language lawyer.  When I create a delegate that points to a private method
in a form, the form inherits from Control.  But how is that enough to make
the delegate know whether to be a Control.something (with method
Control.BeginInvoke) or an "ordinary" delegate (with method
somethingelse.BeginInvoke)?

>> > In principle, it might at least *temporarily* leak resources. It
>> > depends
[quoted text clipped - 42 lines]
>
> If you're using Control.BeginInvoke, you don't need to worry.
Peter Duniho - 27 Dec 2007 02:05 GMT
> OK, I think this makes things clearer.

Good, my turn to confuse matters (i.e. create a mess that Jon has to clean  
up :) ).

> Calling BeginInvoke on an "ordinary" delegate, without calling  
> EndInvoke, can cause resource usages to hang around longer than  
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> Calling BeginInvoke on Control, without calling EndInvoke, doesn't even  
> have that problem.

The first paragraph is correct for sure.  I remain unconvinced that it's  
untrue for Control.BeginInvoke(), at least as an unqualified statement.

Consider the statement in the doc page for IAsyncResult.AsyncWaitHandle:

    Notes to Implementers The object that implements IAsyncResult
    does not need to create the WaitHandle until the AsyncWaitHandle
    property is read. It is the choice of the IAsyncResult
    implementer. However, if the implementer creates AsyncWaitHandle,
    it is the responsibility of the implementer to signal the
    WaitHandle that will terminate the wait at the appropriate time.
    For example, System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging.AsyncResult
    terminates the wait on behalf of the caller when an asynchronously
    invoked method returns. Once created, AsyncWaitHandle should be
    kept alive until the user calls the method that concludes the
    asynchronous operation. At that time the object behind
    AsyncWaitHandle can be discarded.

In other words, if the caller to Control.BeginInvoke() actually uses the  
AsyncWaitHandle from the IAsyncResult it gets from Control.BeginInvoke(),  
then that WaitHandle (which implements IDisposable and so must be disposed  
when it's no longer needed) is required to be kept until the "_user_  
[emphasis mine] calls the method that concludes the asynchronous  
operation".  In other words, the user's code has every reason to expect  
that the WaitHandle will remain valid until that code calls  
Control.EndInvoke().

So code that gets the AsyncWaitHandle is going to have to call EndInvoke()  
to ensure they clean up that resource properly (EndInvoke() baing "the  
method that concludes the asynchronous operation".

Beyond that, even if you can show in the current Control implementation  
that there's no harm in not calling Control.EndInvoke(), I would say that  
absent some clear, explicit statement in the MSDN documentation pages that  
says that you don't need to call EndInvoke(), that pairing the two calls  
may well be important, and very much _should_ be assumed to be so, at  
least if your code uses the AsyncWaitHandle in the IAsyncResult, if not in  
other cases.

I've looked for such a clear, explicit statement and haven't been able to  
find one.

I'm carefully ignoring the fact that Control.BeginInvoke() doesn't follow  
the normal pattern for async methods.  There's no way to specify a  
callback, never mind a context/state object for the callback.  This means  
it's practically impossible for the asynchronously invoked method to have  
access to the IAsyncResult (it's not literally impossible, but it's  
impractical because any attempt to provide access results in a race  
condition...that can be addressed by adding thread synchronization, but  
then that seems to me to negate the whole point of using BeginInvoke() in  
the first place).

This means that if you _do_ call EndInvoke() you have to do it somewhere  
other than the invoked delegate.  This leads to inelegant things like  
polling IAsyncResult.IsCompleted, or just calling EndInvoke() and possibly  
getting blocked anyway.  I suppose there are situations where this is  
actually what you'd want to do, but being forced into seems kind of ugly  
to me.

In other words, it bugs me that the whole Control.BeginInvoke() API is the  
way it is.  While I can understand the need for backward compatibility, I  
don't understand why it remains in this sort of awkward state rather than  
adding some overloads to Control.BeginInvoke() to allow it to be used in a  
more typical fashion.

> There are 8,192 executions of BeginInvoke in the situation I'm presently  
> concerned with, so I think that temporary starvation isn't happening,  
> and nothing worse can happen.

I suspect that as long as you do nothing with the IAsyncResult returned by  
BeginInvoke(), you're fine.  But I wish there was some more explicit  
documentation to that effect.

> I still have some curiosity remaining from a former not-having-a-life as  
> a language lawyer.  When I create a delegate that points to a private  
> method in a form, the form inherits from Control.  But how is that  
> enough to make the delegate know whether to be a Control.something (with  
> method Control.BeginInvoke) or an "ordinary" delegate (with method  
> somethingelse.BeginInvoke)?

One feature of delegates is that they are not specific to whatever method  
they might be passed to.  You can create a single delegate that is  
suitable for either Control.BeginInvoke() or Delegate.BeginInvoke() (and  
for the synchronous Invoke() equivalents as well).  The delegate does not  
need to be related to the Control class at all, never mind be an instance  
member, or a member of any Control-derived class of any sort.

The corollary is that the delegate itself doesn't "know whether to be"  
anything in particular, nor does it need to.  The sole determining factor  
is how you use it  If you call Control.BeginInvoke(), then it's used by  
Control.BeginInvoke(), executed on that Control instance's owning thread.  
If you call Delegate.BeginInvoke() on the delegate instance itself, then  
it's invoked asynchronously via that method.

Pete
Norman Diamond - 27 Dec 2007 03:05 GMT
> even if you can show in the current Control implementation that there's no
> harm in not calling Control.EndInvoke(), I would say that absent some
> clear, explicit statement in the MSDN documentation pages that says that
> you don't need to call EndInvoke(), that pairing the two calls may well be
> important, and very much _should_ be assumed to be so,

Yeah, present some clear, explicit examples isn't enough.  And with our
knowledge of MSDN, even present some clear, explicit statement might not be
enough either.

EndInvoke would impose an unnecessary delay on the background thread where I
call BeginInvoke.  The more I think about it, there's a tiny chance that I
have a race condition now, and if I do then it might be minimizable by
making the UI thread sleep a few milliseconds.  If the background thread
gets delayed and causes a race condition then there's no solution at all.
EndInvoke would only magnify it.

> One feature of delegates is that they are not specific to whatever method
> they might be passed to.  You can create a single delegate that is
> suitable for either Control.BeginInvoke() or Delegate.BeginInvoke() (and
> for the synchronous Invoke() equivalents as well).

My copy of MSDN doesn't have Delegate.BeginInvoke.  It has
Delegate.DynamicInvoke.  I thought C#'s delegate.Invoke and
delegate.BeginInvoke were fictions invented by the C# compiler, calling some
.Net stuff which I haven't quite figured out yet.

> If you call Control.BeginInvoke(), then it's used by
> Control.BeginInvoke(), executed on that Control instance's owning thread.
> If you call Delegate.BeginInvoke() on the delegate instance itself, then
it's invoked asynchronously via that method.

Since I'm a Form and I call this.BeginInvoke on the delegate, I'm safely
calling Control.BeginInvoke, right?

Ugh, that needs clarification.  I'm a Form, but one of my methods can be
called by a background thread.  This is where I have to BeginInvoke my own
other method that operates on me, and return immediately to the background
thread who called me.

>> OK, I think this makes things clearer.
>
[quoted text clipped - 105 lines]
>
> Pete
Peter Duniho - 27 Dec 2007 04:08 GMT
> Yeah, present some clear, explicit examples isn't enough.  And with our  
> knowledge of MSDN, even present some clear, explicit statement might not  
> be enough either.

While I like good sample code, it's no substitute for actual  
documentation.  If nothing else, I have seen MSDN code samples that I know  
for a fact are wrong.  Documenting by example doesn't work very well,  
regardless.

> EndInvoke would impose an unnecessary delay on the background thread  
> where I call BeginInvoke.  The more I think about it, there's a tiny  
> chance that I have a race condition now, and if I do then it might be  
> minimizable by making the UI thread sleep a few milliseconds.  If the  
> background thread gets delayed and causes a race condition then there's  
> no solution at all. EndInvoke would only magnify it.

For what it's worth, calling sleep is not a good way to address a race  
condition.  It may reduce the chances of a problem, but it's not a good  
way to eliminate the chances.  You either need to synchronize your  
threads, or just allow the race to occur and handle it gracefully.

> My copy of MSDN doesn't have Delegate.BeginInvoke.  It has  
> Delegate.DynamicInvoke.  I thought C#'s delegate.Invoke and  
> delegate.BeginInvoke were fictions invented by the C# compiler, calling  
> some .Net stuff which I haven't quite figured out yet.

They are created by the compiler, but they aren't fictions.  Not as far as  
I know, anyway.  My understanding is that they are considered part of the  
Delegate class, even though they are compiler-dependent.  Anyway, writing  
"Delegate.BeginInvoke()" seems easier to me that some alternative  
description, even if technically the method's not part of the class.  :)

> Since I'm a Form and I call this.BeginInvoke on the delegate, I'm safely  
> calling Control.BeginInvoke, right?
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
> own other method that operates on me, and return immediately to the  
> background thread who called me.

If the code calling Control.BeginInvoke() is an instance member of a  
Control-derived class, then yes...if you call "this.BeginInvoke()" you are  
definitely calling Control.BeginInvoke().  Of course, you don't actually  
need the "this." part.

Since Form inherits Control, any Form-derived class you write will behave  
like this.  This is basic C#/OOP behavior...don't let the fact that you're  
dealing with this funny BeginInvoke() pattern make you think that it  
doesn't otherwise work like any other call.  The funny business happens in  
the parameters for the method, not the call to the method itself.  :)

Pete
Barry Kelly - 27 Dec 2007 17:43 GMT
> My copy of MSDN doesn't have Delegate.BeginInvoke.  It has
> Delegate.DynamicInvoke.  I thought C#'s delegate.Invoke and
> delegate.BeginInvoke were fictions invented by the C# compiler, calling some
> .Net stuff which I haven't quite figured out yet.

The declaration of the Invoke, BeginInvoke and EndInvoke methods are
dependent on the type of the delegate. Calling Invoke directly is
identical to calling the delegate; when the compiler sees you calling a
delegate, it actually inserts a call to the Invoke method.

The BeginInvoke/EndInvoke methods are similarly magic. Their
implementations are provided by the CLR.

-- Barry

Signature

http://barrkel.blogspot.com/


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